The Morning Glory of the Gulf of Carpentaria

The Morning Glory, a spectacular propagating roll cloud which frequents the sparsely populated southern margin of the Gulf of Carpentaria, is one of the world's most exotic and interesting meteorological phenomena. Morning Glories (see Figure 1) are frequently observed during the spring months near dawn over the southern Gulf area between Sweers Island and the remote community of Burketown in northern Queensland. They often appear in the form of one or more, rapidly advancing, rather formidable roll cloud formations which extend from horizon to horizon in a long arc as far as the eye can see. The cloud is usually about 3000 feet in depth with a base at about 1000 feet above the surface. On occasion, the base of the cloud may lie below 300 feet AGL and the depth may exceed 6000 feet. 

The leading roll cloud in Morning Glory disturbances tends to be very smooth along the front and turbulent along the back. Subsequent cloud formations, if present, are nearly always turbulent and often appear only in the form of scattered lines of irregular cumulus.

Recent studies have shown that Morning Glory roll cloud formations often extend in length for over 1000 kilometres (see Figure 2). 

Despite their ominous appearance, they seldom produce measurable precipitation, but are almost always accompanied by a short-lived, but often intense, wind squall near the surface which may be a potentially serious wind shear hazard for aircraft. Morning Glories propagate on average with speeds of about 40 kilometres per hour, but occasionally are observed to travel at speeds of over 60 kilometres per hour. Morning Glories tend to occur on a daily basis at Burketown over periods ranging from three to seven days in succession.

Morning Glory roll cloud formations are visible manifestations of largeamplitude solitary waves. Solitary waves are somewhat unusual in that they occur as singular waves with one isolated crest. Waves of this type propagate as exceptionally long-lived disturbances in waveguides created by stable layers in the lower atmosphere. A feature of larger-amplitude solitary waves is the region of trapped recirculating cooler air in the interior of the wave which may be transported by the wave over considerable distances.

Solitary waves occur commonly throughout much of the arid interior of the Australian continent and elsewhere. Waves in inland areas almost invariably occur without cloud as clear-air disturbances accompanied by a sudden wind squall at the surface and a temporary increase in surface pressure. When sufficient moisture is present near the surface, as is often the case over the southern Gulf of Carpentaria region, large amplitude waves of this type may be accompanied by what appears to be a propagating roll cloud formation. In this case, cloud is created continuously in the up-draught along the leading edge of the wave as moist ambient air from near the surface is lifted to the condensation level. Cloud elements are then eroded away as air parcels descend in the down-draught along the trailing edge of the wave. The clearly visible upward motion of cloud elements along the leading edge and the downward motion of cloud elements along the trailing edge of the wave combine to give the impression that the cloud formation is rolling backwards as it advances.

Conditions over the tropical southern margin of the Gulf of Carpentaria between the months from August to November prior to the onset of the Wet are particularly favourable for visible solitary waves. Indeed, the southeast corner of the Gulf is the only known location where spectacular roll cloud formations of this type can be regularly and predictably observed. Roll cloud formations probably accompany more than eighty percent of all Morning Glory disturbances during the spring months as they propagate off-shore over the southern Gulf. Conditions are not as favourable over land; nevertheless, nearly half of all disturbances which occur within 100 kilometres of the coast are accompanied by roll clouds.

Three distinct types of Morning Glory waves have now been identified: northeasterly Morning Glories which appear most frequently just before sunrise over the Burketown area, southerly waves which can appear over the Burketown region at any time of day except during the afternoon and early evening, and southeasterly waves which tend to be active primarily during the early morning hours.

More than half of all disturbances observed at Burketown belong to the category of northeasterly waves. These disturbances originate during the previous evening in the collision between two opposing intense tropical seabreeze fronts over the highlands of the Cape York Peninsula. Waves of this type propagate at night towards the southwest over the Gulf of Carpentaria, arriving near dawn over Burketown. The cloud formation associated with northeasterly Morning Glory waves dissipates fairly rapidly as the disturbance moves inland into drier air over northern Queensland. Even after the cloud dissolves, however, the disturbance continues to propagate inland, often for distances in excess of two hundred kilometres, as a clear-air wind squall. 

The genesis of southerly Morning Glory waves remains obscure. Some of these waves have very large amplitudes and may be accompanied by spectacular roll cloud formations; other southerly waves take the form of relatively minor disturbances with amplitudes of only a few hundred feet. There is clear evidence to show that some southerly disturbances originate over the interior of the Australian continent in the interaction of a mid-latitude cold front with a developing nocturnal radiation inversion. Little is known with certainty about the origin or properties of morning glories which arrive at Burketown from the southeast. Some of these waves appear to be generated by thunderstorms which often develop in the late evening over the region to the northeast and east of Mount Isa.

The genesis and propagation of Morning Glories is controlled by synoptic conditions which turn out to be nearly identical for all types of wave. Thus, northeasterly, southerly and southeasterly waves may occur simultaneously over the southern Gulf region. Favourable conditions for the occurrence of Morning Glory waves at Burketown include a significant pressure ridge over the east coast of the Cape York Peninsula, absence of storm activity over the Burketown region and a well-developed sea-breeze regime over the southeastern Gulf area on the preceding day. 

These conditions are enhanced by the presence of an inland heat trough and an advancing frontal trough system south of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The presence of an inland heat trough and ridging over the eastern Cape York Peninsula will almost always guarantee that a northeasterly Morning Glory will arrive at Burketown on the following morning. It has proven to be fairly difficult, however, to predict the precise arrival time of northeasterly Morning Glories over the Burketown area, the size of these disturbances and whether or not these disturbances will be accompanied by a spectacular roll cloud formation.
 

 
The art of soaring on the Morning Glory was pioneered in an historic flight by Robert Thompson and Russell White on 13 October, 1989 in a motorised Grob-109 glider. Robert and Russell and other experienced glider pilots have since completed more than a dozen successful flights on Morning Glory waves, some of which have lasted for more than three hours and have covered distances of over three hundred kilometres. These flights have generated considerable interest in the gliding community and it appears that Burketown is set to become a Mecca for gliding enthusiasts from around the world. A photograph of a Morning Glory disturbance which was taken while soaring in the Grob-109 is shown in Figure 3.

Soaring on the Morning Glory at speeds which are comparable with existing world record speeds is one of the most exciting and exhilarating experiences that the gliding world has to offer. A typical flight starts with a motor-assisted take-off at first light from the sealed strip at the Burketown aerodrome. All flights to date have been carried out on northeasterly Morning Glories. In most cases, the Morning Glory is first encountered over the Gulf as a moving mountain of cloud while the aircraft is still at a fairly low altitude. At this point the aircraft is directed along the axis of the wave and the engine is switched off. The glider then ascends very rapidly in the strong updraft along the face of the advancing roll cloud. This is perhaps the most exciting and scenic portion of the flight. 

The strong updraft along the leading edge of the wave extends over a broad area ahead of the wave above the top of the cloud and provides useful lift to heights of at least 10000 feet AGL. This means that the flight direction along the axis of the roll cloud can be safely reversed with ease at any time. Flights of more than 300 kilometres along the length of the wave may be possible in some cases, but the pilot must always keep in mind that the wave is eventually going to disappear as it moves inland over very inhospitable terrain with very few possibilities for a safe landing. It is for this reason that we strongly recommend that soaring on the Morning Glory should be restricted in most circumstances to motorised gliders.

Glider pilots should also be aware that the trailing edge of Morning Glory waves harbours potentially dangerous down-draughts which could leave any aircraft which has been unfortunate enough to end up on the wrong side of the wave in a precarious position. Attempts to fly under Morning Glory roll clouds could also lead to disaster and should be avoided. One other potential hazard which glider pilots should steer clear of is the large amplitude disturbance in the form of a localised breaking wave which may appear at the point of intersection between two independent interacting Morning Glories. The point of intersection where these isolated breaking waves occur is often obscured over the Gulf by a developing thunderstorm triggered by the large amplitude of the disturbance at that point.

 
Some of the most spectacular Morning Glory wave disturbances seen in recent years occurred during the months of September and October, 1994. Several successful flights on these waves were made by a number of glider pilots. A particularly spectacular Morning Glory occurred near dawn on the 20th of October. Russell White and co-pilot Karin Jurgenson, who normally pilots the Burketown Pub's Cessna-337, launched in the Grob-109 at first light and almost immediately encountered a strong clear-air Morning Glory wave with strong turbulence. Having radioed a warning not to launch to the other glider pilots, they feathered the prop and headed northwest into the gloom towards a developing rollcloud illuminated by the full moon with just a hint of colour from the rising sun. It was astonishingly beautiful.

By dawn they were over Point Parker on the coast at 6000 feet, with the cloud now well formed ahead and continuing out to sea in the general direction of Gove. A sheer wall of cloud several thousand feet high designated an area of extremely strong lift so a speed run over the next 100 kilometres was deemed essential. This led to ground speeds in excess of 125 knots. The lift was so strong it was impossible to keep the glider from climbing at 400 feet per minute even at speeds close to VNE in the impeccably smooth air during this phase .

As the glider passed the Edward Pellew Group of islands the roll cloud evaporated leaving only some scattered clouds to indicate the position of the wave. With some trepidation, the pilots cautiously picked their way across a large expanse of blue sky towards what appeared to be a developing cumulonimbus in the direction of Groote Eylandt. This proved to be a reforming visible Morning Glory cloud line with cumulus breaking through on top. Soaring along the front of this line at 8000 feet at high speed was spectacular, with cloud tops, accompanied by isolated lenticulars, rising to well over 10000 feet. This particular Morning Glory was by far the largest Morning Glory ever seen from the air at such close quarters.

The flight continued past the southern side of Groote Eylandt to less than 30 kilometres out from Numbulwah on the western side of the Gulf with the coast of Maria Island just visible to the south. At this point the cloud line started to disintegrate again and so the pilots reversed direction and soared along the wave back to the southern coast of the Gulf which they crossed in the vicinity of West Island, some 30 kilometres east of Booroloola. Shortly after, the cloud evaporated as the wave moved inland and the lift died.

It was time to celebrate. The pilots had established a new long distance record for soaring on the Morning Glory. They had soared a touring glider over 700 kilometres in not much over 4 hours, mostly over water, at an average speed more in keeping with that of a racing glider out for a world record attempt. Karin quite enjoyed her first glider flight.

The unusually large amplitude Morning Glory on the 20th of October was not the only spectacular wave during the 1994 season. On the 29th of October, a Baron departed Normanton after the first wave of a northeasterly Morning Glory went through and experienced a climb rate of 3000 feet per minute along the leading edge of the second wave. As the Baron's usual climb rate is about 1200 to 1500 feet per minute, it would be safe to conclude that the lift along the front of the primary wave in this event could have been as high as 20 knots. 

This northeasterly disturbance comprised at least 10 visible roll clouds. At almost the same time, a set of three southerly Morning Glory waves passed over the Burketown airstrip at about 30 knots, each perfectly formed and stretching from horizon to horizon. From the air, a 360 degree turn in the glider revealed literally dozens of waves in nearly every sector of the sky as yet another set of Morning Glories arrived over the southern Gulf region from the southeast. Claude Nowland, a resident of Burketown, claimed that the Morning Glory display on the morning of October 29 was one of the most spectacular displays that he has ever seen during his 17 years in Burketown.
 

Studies of Morning Glory solitary waves have provided considerable insight into the aviation wind shear problem. Potentially hazardous wind shear occurs whenever variations in either horizontal or vertical wind components cause an aircraft to deviate from its intended flight path. Convective microbursts, solitary waves and thunderstorm gust fronts are generally regarded as the most serious forms of wind shear hazard in the airport environment. In contrast with microbursts and gust fronts which are always associated with thunderstorm activity, solitary waves represent a particularly insidious threat to aircraft because they may appear without warning over the runway area during final approach or take-off, when safety margins are minimal, as sudden transient clear-air disturbances.

The leading updraft and trailing down-draughts in intense solitary wave disturbances may exceed 20 knots and the horizontal wind component near the surface can vary by more than 30 knots during the passage of the wave. Aircraft which encounter a solitary wave from the front (the structure of a typical family of solitary waves is shown in Figure 4) will rise above the intended flight path under the influence of the leading up-draught and increasing headwinds. The natural reaction of a pilot at this point is to attempt to return to the normal glide path, but this action, when combined with the sudden loss of headwind and increasing downdraughts behind the wave can leave the aircraft perilously close to ground, well short of the runway threshold. The situation faced by a pilot may be more complicated when the aircraft encounters more than one solitary wave while on final approach. In this case, the winds acting on the aircraft may give the appearance of alternating head and tail wind components, thus compounding the problem of aircraft control. It seems clear that, given the choice, pilots should avoid landing or flying through propagating roll cloud formations like the Morning Glory.
 

The remote, sparsely populated southeast corner of the Gulf of Carpentaria is the only known location where Morning Glory roll clouds occur regularly and predictably at certain times of the year. A visit to Burketown or Sweers Island in September or October to view, or perhaps even to soar on, this unique natural phenomenon can be a very exciting and rewarding experience.